DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health challenge, characterized by a gradual loss of kidney function over time. Early detection is vital for effective management, yet CKD often remains undiagnosed until advanced stages due to its asymptomatic onset. This review focuses on the key diagnostic methods for CKD, particularly emphasizing serum creatinine, albuminuria, and the albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), which are central to clinical practice. Additionally, advanced imaging, biomarkers, and histological evaluations are discussed. Understanding these diagnostic tools is essential for clinicians to detect CKD early, guide treatment, and mitigate disease progression.
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References
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